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Please donate for Linux articles
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Please donate If you think some Linux article deserve donation. Thank you! |
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read-only root file system
How to fix root file system is read-only problem
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If you have problems in linux it can go in error mode when root file system is mounted read-only, that prevents you to make changes to system settings and therefore to fix problems.
It can report that root file system is read-only or that root file system is not mounted
In this case you at first must set root file system back in read/write (rw) mode.
To do so you must know on which partition is placed root file system that you can check using fdisk command and then option l (lollercase L) to list partitions
Then remount root file system back in full access mode with command like this:
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sda3 /
where
/dev/sda3 must be replaced with device path where is placed root file system in your case
/ is path of mount point of root file system
rw specify read and write (full access) mode
After that you can make configuration changes you need |
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How to set pulseaudio control for root account in linux ubuntu
run pulseaudio as root
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If speaker icon and its menu are inactive when you login as root in gnome graphical environment in ubuntu linux, you can do following to make pulseaudio control to works for root account as for user accounts.
I have tested this method to enable sound control on ubuntu 10 and 11
1. Login as root. If you do not know how read topics bellow
2. Open Startup Applications options menu. You can found it here System-->Preferences-->Startup Applications on classic view. If you use new style view you can find it by typing in applications filter.
You can open it also in following way:
-press Alt+F2 on your keyboard to open run menu
-type gnome-control-center and press Run to open gnome control center
-In Filter field type startup and then click on Startup Applications
3. Click on Add button
4. In Name field type something like Pulse Audio root Startup
5. In Command field type pulseaudio
6. Click on Add button
7. Close Startup Applications Preferences window
8. Log-off and then log-in again as root
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How to log-in as root in linux
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To log-in in linux with root account that have all rights and is equivalent to windows Administrator account you can do the following:
1. Log-in in linux with you user account
2. Open command promt window or press "Alt"+"F2" or jusr "F2" according to if you are in grafical or text mode to switch to
"virtual terminal 2"
3. type following commands
- "sudo su"
- enter your password when promted
- "passwd"
- type new passwprd for root account
- "exit"
4. Type logout to log-out from your user account
5. Log-in as root typing "root" for username using as password password you have set for root in step "3"
NOTE: type commands without enclosing quotes |
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How to set and change input language in windows manner
linux gnome
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To set and change input language in windows manner do the following:
* To add additional language do:
- open Control Center
- click on Hardware button at left pane to move to hardware section
- click on Keyboard to open Keyboard Preferences window
- click on Layouts tab to view layouts options
- check Separate layouts for each window check-box if it is not already checked
- click on Add button
- choose layout of your language , set variant you prefer and click on Add button
* To set language switching using windows language switching short keys (ALT+SHIFT) do:
-While in Keyboard Preferences -> Layouts click on Layouts Options
- from Keyboard Layout Options window click on Layout switching item to expand it
- make sure that only Alt+Shift change layout check-box is checked and click on Close button
- click Close button on Keyboard Preferences windows to close it
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How to login as root on ubuntu linux
If you want less headache on linux
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1. Open "Login Window" settins dialog
- from left corner of upper bar click on "System" menu, then click "Administartion" menu, then click "Login Window" / System-->Administration-->Login Window /.
2. Click on "Security" tab to open security settings dialog.
3. Mark / check "Allow local system administartor login" option
4. Click "Close" button
5. Open "Users and Groups" settings dialog
- from left corner of upper bar click on "System" menu, then click "Administartion" menu, then click "Users and Groups" / System-->Administration-->Users and Groups /.
6. Click on root to select it and then click "properties" button
7. Type password you want to use for root in "User password" fiels
8. Type password you want to use for root once again in "Confirmation" field
9. Click "OK" button.
That is it. On next login you will be able to use root account |
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How to run stupid linux on Intel PC with 4GB RAM or more
Your computer hangup when you try to install or load linux?
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1. Set your Intel based computer with PCI express (PCI-E / PCIe) video card to use less than 4GB RAM (1GB or 2GB or 3GB)
2. Install linux and login as root
3. Find "blacklist" file located somewhere in "/etc" folder. If you have file named "modprobe.conf.local" in "/etc" folder /etc/modprobe.conf.local use it, otherwise use /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist
4. Open with text editor "modprobe.conf.local" file or "blacklist" file respectively
5. Write this line at the end of the file: blacklist intel_agp
6. Save changes by clicking floppy disk icon or from menu click File then Save (not save as)
7. Reboot linux
8. Set your Intel based computer with PCI express (PCI-E / PCIe) video card to use all available RAM (4GB or more)
Now you can use linux with all RAM available to Your machine |
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How to exit graphical mode on linux
You want to quit X Server and go to pure text mode?
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If you need to exit graphical mode on linux and go to pure text mode (this mean you want to quit X Server) by any reason or because you want to install video driver for example, you have to:
1. Open system console
2. Shutdown (quit /exit) x server
- on normal linux type init 3 and hit "Enter" key on your keyboard.
-on ubuntu linux type /etc/init.d/gdm stop and hit "Enter" key on your keyboard.
3. To return to graphical mode best way is to reboot linux
- type reboot and hit "Enter" key on your keyboard (or pres Ctrl+Alt+Del)
3a. If by any reason you do not want to reboot you can return to graphical mode by typing init 5 to run default graphical mode (level 5) - or you can type startx while in runlevel 3 to start x server.
If it is workstation type init 5 if it is server type startx
3b. on ubuntu linux type /etc/init.d/gdm start and hit "Enter" key on your keyboard. NOTE: If your user have not enough privileges to run any of this commands you will need to use sudo command preceding any of above commands ( example: sudo init 3) or you can login as more privileged user. You cannot restore your graphical mode using any of this commands if xserver is crashing ( usually because of graphic driver problems ) If this is your case, to fix it you will need to reinstall video driver or to reconfigure xserver. Doing this is not so easy, so I recommend you to ask help from more experienced linux user |
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How to enable and config desktop effects on linux
compiz fusion (new name for compiz + beryl)
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To enable and set desktop effects on Linux it is not enough to enable visual effects from appearance preferences (desktop properties).
Enabling visual effects from appearance preferences enable some basic effects on which you have not any control.
To set and adjust in details additional effects you need CompizConfig Settings Manager (CCSM).
If it is already installed you can find it in control center. There must be item called Advanced Desktop Effect Settings. Open it and make settings you want.
If you can't find such a item then you will need to install it. To do that you must open software manager of your Linux distribution and search for
compizconfig. |
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